The subscription e-commerce market has grown by more than 100 percent a year over the past five years. The largest such retailers generated more than $2.6 billion in sales in 2016, up from a mere $57.0 million in 2011.
web commerce technology handbook pdf 125
E-commerce subscribers tend to be younger urbanites with money. Compared with the general US population, they are more likely to be 25 to 44 years old, to have incomes from $50,000 to $100,000, and to live in urban environments in the Northeastern United States. These subscriptions particularly appeal to women, who account for 60 percent of them.
It can be difficult for subscription e-commerce companies to acquire and then retain consumers. On the acquisition side, only 53 percent of consumers know about even one of the top services. Moreover, conversion is weak: only 55 percent of those who consider a service ultimately subscribe, probably because people are reluctant to sign up for a long-term commitment. Replenishment services have a higher conversion rate than curation or access services (65 percent, 52 percent, and 51 percent, respectively). But the subscription e-commerce market has plenty of room to grow as more consumers become aware of it (Exhibit 5).
The bigger challenge facing subscription e-commerce companies is churn. These businesses depend on their long-term relationships to provide predictable revenue growth and deep insights into customer behavior to personalize the experience. Churn can dramatically undermine their viability, since the cost of replacing lost subscribers could not only make it difficult to meet their growth objectives but also quickly drain their cash reserves.
Overall, we found that nearly 40 percent of e-commerce subscribers have canceled their subscriptions. These rates are similar across replenishment, curation, and access subscription services. The higher the churn rate, the more difficult it becomes for subscription e-commerce companies to cover their acquisition costs and to scale their revenues.
The good news is that subscription e-commerce consumers can be sticky once they find a service they like. Replenishment services have particularly high long-term subscription rates: 45 percent of members have subscribed for at least one year, about ten percentage points higher than the level for curation or access services. The companies with the highest long-term subscription rates include Amazon Subscribe & Save, Dollar Shave Club, Ipsy, JustFab fashion, and Loot Crate.
The subscription e-commerce market is growing quickly. For consumers, subscription products or boxes offer a convenient, personalized, and often lower-cost way to buy what they want and need. Companies in the space must develop great experiences (as opposed to great subscriptions) to avoid high churn rates and to accelerate both growth and profitability.
A function-by-function breakdown of these expenditures showed that social security expenditure accounted for the largest portion (31.4 percent), followed by commerce and industry (16.2 percent), public bonds (15.5 percent), general administration (15.2 percent), education (9.8 percent), and then land preservation and development (8.7 percent). Public bonds are issued to compensate for shortages of national and local revenues. Their issue volumes have increased mainly due to, for example, economic stimulus measures and decreasing tax revenues after the bubble economy ended at the beginning of 1990. The bankruptcy of the major American securities firm Lehman Brothers in 2008 and the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 led to a major economic downturn, and for 4 years from fiscal 2009, bond issues continued to exceed tax revenue, but from fiscal 2013 to 2019, tax revenue picked up and exceeded bond issues. However, the spread of COVID-19 in 2020 caused a sudden contraction of the economy, and a huge supplementary budget for fiscal 2020 was financed by an additional issue of government bonds.
Japan's expenditures for the research and development (R&D) of science and technology are at a top level among major countries, and support the technology-based nation of Japan. Researchers in the fields of science and technology (including social sciences and humanities) as of the end of March 2021 totaled 890,500. The total R&D expenditures in fiscal 2020 amounted to 19.2 trillion yen, a decrease of 1.7 percent from the previous fiscal year. Relative to GDP, R&D expenditures was 3.59 percent, a 0.08 percentage point increase from the previous fiscal year.
With regard to the portion in the R&D expenditures in fiscal 2020 by specific objective, 3.1 trillion yen went to the life sciences field (16.0 percent of total R&D expenditures), 2.5 trillion yen (13.2 percent) to the information technology field, 1.1 trillion yen (5.5 percent) to the environmental science and technology field and 1.0 trillion yen (5.2 percent) to the materials field, etc.
Technology trade is defined as the export or import of technology by business enterprises with other countries, such as patents, expertise, and technical guidance. In fiscal 2020, Japan earned 3,101.0 billion yen from technology exports, which was down 15.3 percent from the previous fiscal year. This was the third consecutive decrease. Of the total receipts, 70.3 percent was from overseas parent/subsidiary companies. Meanwhile, payments to technology imports stood at 559.8 billion yen, an increase of 3.0 percent compared with the previous fiscal year. It increased for the first time in 3 years. Of this figure, 36.7 percent was for payments to overseas parent/subsidiary companies.
Meanwhile, IP phone services (voice phone services that use Internet Protocol technology across part or all of the communication network), which use broadband circuits as access lines, entered full-scale use between 2002 and 2003. As of the end of March 2021, the total number of IP phone subscribers was 45 million.
As for Japan's exports in 2020 by commodity, transport equipment accounted for the largest portion of the total export value, 21.1 percent, followed by general machinery and electrical machinery, making up 19.2 percent and 18.9 percent, respectively. Motor vehicles, which are in the transport equipment category, constituted 14.0 percent of the total export value, down 20.7 percent in quantity and down 20.0 percent in value from the previous year. One characteristic of Japan's exports is the large proportion of high value-added products manufactured with advanced technology, such as motor vehicles, iron and steel products, and semiconductors, etc.
In addition to the financial assistance described above, Japan has also been active in the areas of human resources development and technology transfer through its ODA activities, both of which are vital to the growth of developing countries.
The state of waste management in Japan had remained serious due to the shrinking remaining capacity of final disposal sites and increased illegal dumping. This led to the Basic Act on Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (brought into force in January 2001), which defines basic principles for the creation of a sound material-cycle society. This Act has established a legal framework to address issues such as waste disposal and recycling of automobile and electrical appliance. Furthermore, in Japan, the "3Rs" (reduce, reuse and recycle) in waste management including R&D on waste recycling technology and appropriate management of materials of hazards have been promoted, but recently, socio-economic systems have been developed to especially implement the "2Rs" (reduce and reuse) from among the "3Rs".
Japan's primary and secondary education is based on a 6-3-3 system: 6 years in elementary school, 3 years in lower secondary school, and 3 years in upper secondary school. The period of compulsory schooling is the 9 years at elementary and lower secondary schools. Higher education institutions are universities, junior colleges, and colleges of technology. Other education establishments include kindergartens and integrated centers for early childhood education and care, which provide pre-school education, and schools for special needs education. There are also specialized training colleges and miscellaneous schools for a wide range of vocational and other practical skills learning. In order to promote diversity of the school education system, unified lower-upper secondary schooling began at some schools in 1999. Furthermore, in 2016, compulsory education schools, where compulsory education for elementary schools to lower secondary schools is carried out consistently, were established. On an additional note, the school year in Japan starts in April and ends in March of the following year.
2. Select a class or Search within this page with your browser. Class Number and Title 002Apparel 004Baths, closets, sinks, and spittoons 005Beds 007Compound tools 008Bleaching and dyeing; fluid treatment and chemical modification of textiles and fibers 012Boot and shoe making 014Bridges 015Brushing, scrubbing, and general cleaning 016Miscellaneous hardware (e.g., bushing, carpet fastener, caster, door closer, panel hanger, attachable or adjunct handle, hinge, window sash balance, etc.) 019Textiles: fiber preparation 023Chemistry: physical processes 024Buckles, buttons, clasps, etc. 026Textiles: cloth finishing 027Undertaking 028Textiles: manufacturing 029Metal working 030Cutlery 033Geometrical instruments 034Drying and gas or vapor contact with solids 036Boots, shoes, and leggings 037Excavating 038Textiles: ironing or smoothing 040Card, picture, or sign exhibiting 042Firearms 043Fishing, trapping, and vermin destroying 044Fuel and related compositions 047Plant husbandry 048Gas: heating and illuminating 049Movable or removable closures Class Number and Title 051Abrasive tool making process, material, or composition 052Static structures (e.g., buildings) 053Package making 054Harness for working animal 055Gas separation 056Harvesters 057Textiles: spinning, twisting, and twining 059Chain, staple, and horseshoe making 060Power plants 062Refrigeration 063Jewelry 065Glass manufacturing 066Textiles: knitting 068Textiles: fluid treating apparatus 069Leather manufactures 070Locks 071Chemistry: fertilizers 072Metal deforming 073Measuring and testing 074Machine element or mechanism 075Specialized metallurgical processes, compositions for use therein, consolidated metal powder compositions, and loose metal particulate mixtures 076Metal tools and implements, making 079Button making 081Tools 082Turning 083Cutting 084Music 086Ammunition and explosive-charge making 087Textiles: braiding, netting, and lace making Class Number and Title 089Ordnance 091Motors: expansible chamber type 092Expansible chamber devices 095Gas separation: processes 096Gas separation: apparatus 099Foods and beverages: apparatus 100Presses 101Printing 102Ammunition and explosives 104Railways 105Railway rolling stock 106Compositions: coating or plastic 108Horizontally supported planar surfaces 109Safes, bank protection, or a related device 110Furnaces 111Planting 112Sewing 114Ships 116Signals and indicators 117Single-crystal, oriented-crystal, and epitaxy growth processes; non-coating apparatus therefor 118Coating apparatus 119Animal husbandry 122Liquid heaters and vaporizers 123Internal-combustion engines 124Mechanical guns and projectors 125Stone working 126Stoves and furnaces 127Sugar, starch, and carbohydrates 128Surgery Class Number and Title 131Tobacco 132Toilet 134Cleaning and liquid contact with solids 135Tent, canopy, umbrella, or cane 136Batteries: thermoelectric and photoelectric 137Fluid handling 138Pipes and tubular conduits 139Textiles: weaving 140Wireworking 141Fluent material handling, with receiver or receiver coacting means 142Wood turning 144Woodworking 147Coopering 148Metal treatment 149Explosive and thermic compositions or charges 150Purses, wallets, and protective covers 152Resilient tires and wheels 156Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture 157Wheelwright machines 159Concentrating evaporators 160Flexible or portable closure, partition, or panel 162Paper making and fiber liberation 163Needle and pin making 164Metal founding 165Heat exchange 166Wells 168Farriery 169Fire extinguishers 171Unearthing plants or buried objects Class Number and Title 172Earth working 173Tool driving or impacting 174Electricity: conductors and insulators 175Boring or penetrating the earth 177Weighing scales 178Telegraphy 180Motor vehicles 181Acoustics 182Fire escape, ladder, or scaffold 184Lubrication 185Motors: spring, weight, or animal powered 186Merchandising 187Elevator, industrial lift truck, or stationary lift for vehicle 188Brakes 190Trunks and hand-carried luggage 191Electricity: transmission to vehicles 192192 clutches and power-stop control 193Conveyors, chutes, skids, guides, and ways 194Check-actuated control mechanisms 196Mineral oils: apparatus 198Conveyors: power-driven 199Type casting 200Electricity: circuit makers and breakers 201Distillation: processes, thermolytic 202Distillation: apparatus 203Distillation: processes, separatory 204Chemistry: electrical and wave energy 205Electrolysis: processes, compositions used therein, and methods of preparing the compositions 206Special receptacle or package Class Number and Title 208Mineral oils: processes and products 209Classifying, separating, and assorting solids 210Liquid purification or separation 211Supports: racks 212Traversing hoists 213Railway draft appliances 215Bottles and jars 216Etching a substrate: processes 217Wooden receptacles 218High-voltage switches with arc preventing or extinguishing devices 219Electric heating 220Receptacles 221Article dispensing 222Dispensing 223Apparel apparatus 224Package and article carriers 225Severing by tearing or breaking 226Advancing material of indeterminate length 227Elongated-member-driving apparatus 228Metal fusion bonding 229Envelopes, wrappers, and paperboard boxes 231Whips and whip apparatus 232Deposit and collection receptacles 234Selective cutting (e.g., punching) 235Registers 236Automatic temperature and humidity regulation 237Heating systems 238Railways: surface track 239Fluid sprinkling, spraying, and diffusing Class Number and Title 241Solid material comminution or disintegration 242Winding, tensioning, or guiding 244Aeronautics and astronautics 245Wire fabrics and structure 246Railway switches and signals 248Supports 249Static molds 250Radiant energy 251Valves and valve actuation 252Compositions 254Implements or apparatus for applying pushing or pulling force 256Fences 257Active solid-state devices (e.g., transistors, solid-state diodes) 258Railway mail delivery 260Chemistry of carbon compounds 261Gas and liquid contact apparatus 264Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes 266Metallurgical apparatus 267Spring devices 269Work holders 270Sheet-material associating 271Sheet feeding or delivering 273Amusement devices: games 276Typesetting 277Seal for a joint or juncture 278Land vehicles: animal draft appliances 279Chucks or sockets 280Land vehicles 281Books, strips, and leaves Class Number and Title 283Printed matter 285Pipe joints or couplings 289Knots and knot tying 290Prime-mover dynamo plants 291Track sanders 292Closure fasteners 293Vehicle fenders 294Handling: hand and hoist-line implements 295Railway wheels and axles 296Land vehicles: bodies and tops 297Chairs and seats 298Land vehicles: dumping 299Mining or in situ disintegration of hard material 300Brush, broom, and mop making 301Land vehicles: wheels and axles 303Fluid-pressure and analogous brake systems 305Wheel substitutes for land vehicles 307Electrical transmission or interconnection systems 310Electrical generator or motor structure 312Supports: cabinet structure 313Electric lamp and discharge devices 314Electric lamp and discharge devices: consumable electrodes 315Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems 318Electricity: motive power systems 320Electricity: battery or capacitor charging or discharging 322Electricity: single generator systems 323Electricity: power supply or regulation systems 324Electricity: measuring and testing 326Electronic digital logic circuitry Class Number and Title 327Miscellaneous active electrical nonlinear devices, circuits, and systems 329Demodulators 330Amplifiers 331Oscillators 332Modulators 333Wave transmission lines and networks 334Tuners 335Electricity: magnetically operated switches, magnets, and electromagnets 336Inductor devices 337Electricity: electrothermally or thermally actuated switches 338Electrical resistors 340Communications: electrical 341Coded data generation or conversion 342Communications: directive radio wave systems and devices (e.g., radar, radio navigation) 343Communications: radio wave antennas 345Computer graphics processing and selective visual display systems 346Recorders 347Incremental printing of symbolic information 348Television 349Liquid crystal cells, elements and systems 351Optics: eye examining, vision testing and correcting 352Optics: motion pictures 353Optics: image projectors 355Photocopying 356Optics: measuring and testing 358Facsimile and static presentation processing 359Optical: systems and elements 360Dynamic magnetic information storage or retrieval 361Electricity: electrical systems and devices Class Number and Title 362Illumination 363Electric power conversion systems 365Static information storage and retrieval 366Agitating 367Communications, electrical: acoustic wave systems and devices 368Horology: time measuring systems or devices 369Dynamic information storage or retrieval 370Multiplex communications 372Coherent light generators 373Industrial electric heating furnaces 374Thermal measuring and testing 375Pulse or digital communications 376Induced nuclear reactions: processes, systems, and elements 377Electrical pulse counters, pulse dividers, or shift registers: circuits and systems 378X-ray or gamma ray systems or devices 379Telephonic communications 380Cryptography 381Electrical audio signal processing systems and devices 382Image analysis 383Flexible bags 384Bearings 385Optical waveguides 386Motion video signal processing for recording or reproducing 388Electricity: motor control systems 392Electric resistance heating devices 396Photography 398Optical communications 399Electrophotography 400Typewriting machines Class Number and Title 401Coating implements with material supply 402Binder device releasably engaging aperture or notch of sheet 403Joints and connections 404Road structure, process, or apparatus 405Hydraulic and earth engineering 406Conveyors: fluid current 407Cutters, for shaping 408Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool 409Gear cutting, milling, or planing 410Freight accommodation on freight carrier 411Expanded, threaded, driven, headed, tool-deformed, or locked-threaded fastener 412Bookbinding: process and apparatus 413Sheet metal container making 414Material or article handling 415Rotary kinetic fluid motors or pumps 416Fluid reaction surfaces (i.e., impellers) 417Pumps 418Rotary expansible chamber devices 419Powder metallurgy processes 420Alloys or metallic compositions 422Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving, or sterilizing 423Chemistry of inorganic compounds 424Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions 425Plastic article or earthenware shaping or treating: apparatus 426Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products 427Coating processes 428Stock material or miscellaneous articles 429Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus, product, and process 430Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof Class Number and Title 431Combustion 432Heating 433Dentistry 434Education and demonstration 435Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology 436Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing 438Semiconductor device manufacturing: process 439Electrical connectors 440Marine propulsion 441Buoys, rafts, and aquatic devices 442Fabric (woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.) 445Electric lamp or space discharge component or device manufacturing 446Amusement devices: toys 449Bee culture 450Foundation garments 451Abrading 452Butchering 453Coin handling 454Ventilation 455Telecommunications 460Crop threshing or separating 462Books, strips, and leaves for manifolding 463Amusement devices: games 464Rotary shafts, gudgeons, housings, and flexible couplings for rotary shafts 470Threaded, headed fastener, or washer making: process and apparatus 472Amusement devices 473Games using tangible projectile 474Endless belt power transmission systems or components 475Planetary gear transmission systems or components Class Number and Title 476Friction gear transmission systems or components 477Interrelated power delivery controls, including engine control 482Exercise devices 483Tool changing 492Roll or roller 493Manufacturing container or tube from paper; or other manufacturing from a sheet or web 494Imperforate bowl: centrifugal separators 501Compositions: ceramic 502Catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor: product or process of making 503Record receiver having plural interactive leaves or a colorless color former, method of use, or developer therefor 504Plant protecting and regulating compositions 505Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process 506Combinatorial chemistry technology: method, library, apparatus 507Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry 508Solid anti-friction devices, materials therefor, lubricant or separant compositions for moving solid surfaces, and miscellaneous mineral oil compositions 510Cleaning compositions for solid surfaces, auxiliary compositions therefor, or processes of preparing the compositions 512Perfume compositions 514Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions 516Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of 518Chemistry: fischer-tropsch processes; or purification or recovery of products thereof 520Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 521Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 522Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 523Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 524Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 525Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 526Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 527Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series 528Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series Class Number and Title 530Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof 532Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 534Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 536Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 540Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 544Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 546Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 548Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 549Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 552Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 554Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 556Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 558Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 560Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 562Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 564Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 568Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 570Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series 585Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds 588Hazardous or toxic waste destruction or containment 600Surgery 601Surgery: kinesitherapy 602Surgery: splint, brace, or bandage 604Surgery 606Surgery 607Surgery: light, thermal, and electrical application 623Prosthesis (i.e., artificial body members), parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor 700Data processing: generic control systems or specific applications 701Data processing: vehicles, navigation, and relative location Class Number and Title 702Data processing: measuring, calibrating, or testing 703Data processing: structural design, modeling, simulation, and emulation 704Data processing: speech signal processing, linguistics, language translation, and audio compression/decompression 705Data processing: financial, business practice, management, or cost/price determination 706Data processing: artificial intelligence 707Data processing: database and file management or data structures 708Electrical computers: arithmetic processing and calculating 709Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomputer data transferring 710Electrical computers and digital data processing systems: input/output 711Electrical computers and digital processing systems: memory 712Electrical computers and digital processing systems: processing architectures and instruction processing (e.g., processors) 713Electrical computers and digital processing systems: support 714Error detection/correction and fault detection/recovery 715Data processing: presentation processing of document, operator interface processing, and screen saver display processing 716Computer-aided design and analysis of circuits and semiconductor masks 717Data processing: software development, installation, and management 718Electrical computers and digital processing systems: virtual machine task or process management or task management/control 719Electrical computers and digital processing systems: interprogram communication or interprocess communication (ipc) 720Dynamic optical information storage or retrieval 725Interactive video distribution systems 726Information security 800Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and related processes 850Scanning-probe techniques or apparatus; applications of scanning-probe techniques, e.g., scanning probe microscopy [spm] 901Robots 902Electronic funds transfer 903Hybrid electric vehicles (hevs) 930Peptide or protein sequence 968Horology 976Nuclear technology Class Number and Title 977Nanotechnology 984Musical instruments 987Organic compounds containing a bi, sb, as, or p atom or containing a metal atom of the 6th to 8th group of the periodic system D01Edible products D02Apparel and haberdashery D03Travel goods and personal belongings D04Brushware D05Textile or paper yard goods; sheet material D06Furnishings D07Equipment for preparing or serving food or drink not elsewhere specified D08Tools and hardware D09Packages and containers for goods D10Measuring, testing, or signalling instruments D11Jewelry, symbolic insignia, and ornaments D12Transportation D13Equipment for production, distribution, or transformation of energy D14Recording, communication, or information retrieval equipment D15Machines not elsewhere specified D16Photography and optical equipment D17Musical instruments D18Printing and office machinery D19Office supplies; artists and teachers materials D20Sales and advertising equipment D21Games, toys, and sports goods D22Arms, pyrotechnics, hunting and fishing equipment D23Environmental heating and cooling; fluid handling and sanitary equipment D24Medical and laboratory equipment D25Building units and construction elements D26Lighting Class Number and Title D27Tobacco and smokers' supplies D28Cosmetic products and toilet articles D29Equipment for safety, protection, and rescue D30Animal husbandry D32Washing, cleaning, or drying machine D34Material or article handling equipment D99Miscellaneous PLTPlants 2ff7e9595c
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