This fourth gap fill test contains 25 multiple choice questions on the topics of determiners, articles, quantifiers of English grammar. Both English learners and ESL teachers can use this online exercise as a revision to check the knowledge of English determiners, articles, quantifiers.
Quantifier worksheets for ESL and elementary children. For more quantifiers click here. This collection of worksheets support all learner profiles (auditory, visual, kinaesthetic), whilst creating a fun learning experience for ESL, EFL, and ESOL kids. Free pdf pages to make class preparation easier, eslkidsworld's printable materials arm teachers with a large selection of ESL activities, board games, surveys, gap-fills, text mazes, word searches, text scrambles... Download these free grammar and vocabulary worksheets in school or at home. For any queries regarding ESL worksheets for kids contact us at eslkidsworld.com.
Quantifiers Exercises Pdf
[8]The Complexity of Quantifier Elimination and Cylindrical Algebraic DecompositionThis paper has two parts. In the first part we give a simpleand constructive proof that quantifier elimination in realalgebra is doubly exponential, even when there is onlyone free variable and all polynomials in the quantified inputare linear. The general result is not new, but we hope the simple andexplicit nature of the proof makes it interesting. The secondpart of the paper uses the construction of the first partto prove some results on the effects of projection order onCAD construction -- roughly that there are CAD constructionproblems for which one order produces a constant number of cellsand another produces a doubly exponential number of cells, andthat there are problems for which all orders produce a doublyexponential number of cells.The second of these results implies that there is a true singly vs. doublyexponential gap between the worst-case running times of several modernquantifier elimination algorithms and CAD-based quantifierelimination when the number of quantifier alternations is constant.[12]RegeXeX: an interactive system providing regular expression exercisesThis paper presents RegeXeX (Regular expression exercises), aninteractive system for teaching students to write regularexpressions. The system poses problems (prose descriptionsof languages), students enter solutions (regularexpressions defining these languages), and the system providesfeedback. What is novel in this system is the type of feedback:students are not merely told that a submitted regular expression iswrong, they are given examples of strings that the expression eithermatches and shouldn't or does not match and should, and asked to tryagain. Additionally, student responses need only be equivalentto the solution, not identical. Results of classroom experience with this system are alsoreported, and demonstrate its effectiveness in teaching students towrite regular expressions with little or no instructor interaction.RegeXeX is a freely available, portable system, written in C++ and using the Qt libraryfor its GUI. It is distributed withseveral exercise sets, but is designed so instructors can easilywrite their own. The system logs student work and offers facilitiesfor submitting log-files to instructors as well, allowing forautomatic grading, or in-depth analysis of student performance andevolution of responses throughout the exercise set.[11]Efficient Preprocessing Methods for Quantifier Elimination.Methods for computing formulas equivalent to quantified inputformulas based on linear substitution, factorization and AItechniques are discussed within this paper. We present an algorithmfor building a search tree consisting of nodes representingequivalent formulas to an input formula, grading these formulas andefficient methods to speed up the computation. We present examples ofquantified formulas which can be reduced by our preprocessing methodto problems solvable by current quantifier elimination packages,whereas the original formulas had been inaccessible to those.[10]Algorithmic Methods for Investigating Equilibria in Epidemic Modellinghe calculation of threshold conditions for models of infectiousdiseases is of central importance for developing vaccinationpolicies. These models are often coupled systems of ordinarydifferentialequations, in which case the computation of thresholdconditions can be reduced to the question of stability of thedisease-free equilibrium. This paper shows how computingthreshold conditions for such models can be done fullyalgorithmically using quantifier elimination forreal closed fields and related simplification methods forquantifier-free formulas. Using efficient quantifier eliminationtechniques for special cases that have been developed byWeispfenning and others, we can can also compute whether there areranges of parameters for which sub-threshold endemic equilibriaexist.[13]On using bi-equational constraints in CAD constructionThis paper introduces an improved method for constructing cylindricalalgebraic decompositions (CADs) for formulas with two polynomialequations as implied constraints. The fundamental idea is thatneither of the varieties of the two polynomials is actuallyrepresented by the CAD the method produces, only the varietydefined by their common zeros is represented. This allowsfor a substantially smaller projection factor set, and for a CADwith many fewer cells.In the current theory of CADs, the fundamental object is to decomposen-space into regions in which a polynomial equationis either identically true or identically false. With manypolynomials, one seeks a decomposition into regions in which eachpolynomial equation is identically true or false independently.The results presented here are intended to be the first step inestablishing a theory of CADs in which systems of equations arefundamental objects, so that given a system we seek a decompositioninto regions in which the system is identically true orfalse -- which means each equation is no longer considered independently.Quantifier elimination problems of this form (systems of equationswith side conditions) are quite common, and thisapproach has the potential to bring large problems of this type intothe scope of what can be solved in practice.The special case of formulas containing twopolynomial equations as constraints is an important one, but this workis also intended to be extended in the future to the more general case.[9]Algorithmic Methods for Computing Threshold Conditions in Epidemic ModellingThe calculation of threshold conditions for models of infectiousdiseases is of central importance for developing vaccinationpolicies. Frequently coupled systems of ordinary differentialequations are used as models and the computation of thresholdconditions can be reduced to the question of stability of thedisease free equilibrium. We show how the computations ofthreshold conditions for such models can be done fullyalgorithmically by using techniques of quantifier elimination forreal closed fields and related simplification methods forquantifier-free formulas.[7]QEPCAD B - a program for computing with semi-algebraic sets using CADThis report introduces QEPCAD B, a program for computing with realalgebraic sets using cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD).QEPCAD B both extends and improves upon the QEPCAD system for quantifier elimination by partial cylindrical algebraicdecomposition written by Hoon Hong in the early 1990s. This paper brieflydiscusses some of the improvements in the implementation ofCAD and quantifier elimination via CAD, and provides somewhat moredetail on extensions to the system that go beyond quantifierelimination. The author is responsible for most of the extendedfeatures of QEPCAD B, but improvements to the basic CAD implementation and to the SACLIB library on which QEPCAD is based are the results of many people's work, including: George E. Collins, MarkJ. Encarnación, Hoon Hong, Jeremy Johnson, Werner Krandick,Richard Liska, Scott McCallum, Nicolas Robidoux, and Stanly Steinberg.Source code, documentation and installation instructions for QEPCAD B are all available at www.cs.usna.edu/qepcad.[6]An Overview of QEPCADB: a Tool for Real Quantifier Elimination and Formula SimplificationThis paper describes the basic functionality of QEPCAD B, a system forcomputing with semi-algebraic sets via Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition (CAD).QEPCAD B is an interactive command-line based program, written in C,and built on top of the SACLIB library. It extends and improves theQEPCAD system. The article focuses on using QEPCAD B to solveproblems, describing the basic facilities offered by the system andproviding examples of applications of these facilities.The program is freely available atwww.cs.usna.edu/qepcad.Download paper as gzipped postscript file[4]Improved Projection for Cylindrical Algebraic DecompositionMcCallum's projection operator for Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition (CAD) represented a huge step forward for the practical utility of the CADalgorithm. This paper presents a simple theorem showing that themathematics in McCallum's paper actually point to a better projectionoperator than he proposes -- a reduced McCallum projection.The reduced projection has the potential to not simplyspeed up CAD computation for problems that are currently solvable inpractice, but actually increase the scope of problems that canrealistically be attacked via CAD's.Additionally, the same methods are used to show that McCallum'sprojection can be reduced still further when CAD is applied to certain types of commonly occurring quantifier elimination problems.Download paper as pdfThis material has been published in Journal of Symbolic Computation, 32(5):447-465, November 2001, the only definitive repository of the content that has been certified and accepted after peer review. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by Academic Press. This material may not be copied or reposted without explicit permission.[5]Simple CAD Construction and its ApplicationsThis paper presents a method for the simplification of truth-invariantcylindrical algebraic decompositions (CAD's). Examples are given thatdemonstrate the usefulness of the method in speeding up the solutionformula construction phase of the CAD-based quantifier eliminationalgorithm. Applications of the method to the construction oftruth-invariant CAD's for very large quantifier-free formulas and quantifier elimination of non-prenex formulasare also discussed.Download paper as pdfThis material has been published in Journal of Symbolic Computation, 31(5):521-547, May 2001, the only definitive repository of the content that has been certified and accepted after peer review. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by Academic Press. This material may not be copied or reposted without explicit permission.[3]Improved Projection for CAD's of R3 This paper presents an improved projection operator for the construction of CAD's of R3. It is shown that, typically, it suffices to include in projection only leading coefficients (along with discriminants and resultants) rather than all coefficients. Cases in which the leading coefficient alone does not suffice can be dealt with, in a sense, even more efficiently. Generalizing the improved projection operator to dimension greater than three is a topic of ongoing research. [2]Guaranteed Solution Formula Construction Quantifier elimination transforms a description of a semi-algebraicset as a formula with quantified variables into a description of theset as a quantifier-free formula. Quantifierelimination by cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) does this viaan intermediate representation of the semi-algebraic set as a CAD. A quantifier-free formula representation of the set is thenconstructed from this CAD.One desirable property of the CAD-based quantifier elimination algorithmis its ability to produce simple solution formulas via methodssuch as that of[18]. These methods require that the CAD produced as anintermediate representation be projection-definable, which isnot the case for all quantifier-elimination problems. This paperpresents an efficient method for transforming an arbitrary CAD into aprojection-definable CAD, thereby rendering simple solution formulaconstruction methods applicable to all quantifier elimination problems.[1]Simplification of Truth-Invariant Cylindrical AlgebraicDecompositionsThis paper presents a method for simplifying the truth-invariantcylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) produced by the stackconstruction phase of the CAD-based quantifier elimination algorithm.Using this simplified CAD as input to the solution formulaconstruction phase of the algorithm canconsiderably reduce the complexity of constructing a simple equivalent quantifier-free formula. Other applications requiring atruth-invariant CAD for a formula can also benefit from a simpler CAD.The method is applicable to the decompositions produced by bothCollins' original CAD-based quantifier elimination algorithm [15] and Hong'spartial-CAD-based algorithm [17,16].Bibliography 2ff7e9595c
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