Various aspects of crack formation and propagation have been studied by scientists and conservators. Attempts to classify and characterize cracks have been made by Stout [1] and Bucklow [2]. Bucklow showed that the crack patterns were era-specific, as well as related to the geographic location and the painting traditions including materials and their application. Such observations indicated that material characteristics and application techniques have direct impact on crack patterns in paintings.
The results from the earlier models showed the effective application of FEM in understanding crack formation, propagation, and later development in canvas paintings. Since computational models in general are mere abstractions of the detailed reality, they must be accepted as approximated solutions. Therefore, results from computational analysis should be verified experimentally.
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The simulation results of the section models showed that the micro cracks are likely to initiate in the ground, and when the glue layer is present (C1 and C3). The glue layers were cracked in both cases of C1 and C3 with the local stresses reaching above 60 MPa. In case of C1 with weaker ground layer, the crack near the hill of the canvas cuts through almost the entire depth of the ground layer, where it is the thinnest (Fig. 10). The crack remained in the ground layer at the end of the first desiccation cycle, and remained hidden under the paint layers. However, in respect of the aging properties of materials, the crack in the ground layer will eventually propagate into the paint layers through the future desiccation cycles. It is still intriguing to see that, within such thinly bound structure of the total thickness around 0.5 mm, the crack initiation can be layer specific. Cracks that exist only in the ground layer are also observed in real paintings ) [30] (Fig. 11).
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The MALD system is an interesting device to perform the aqueous cleaning of painted surfaces, particularly hydrophilic surfaces -that usually present an intermittent polar/no polar character-, and which tend to be extremely reactive to moisture since. MALD allows the simultaneous action of a micro-suction system and a controlled application of the cleaning solution by brush-tools with hairs or fibers chosen depending on their softness and their low rubbing coefficient. The risks of surface modifications are therefore reduced. The MALD system also allows to break the drops of the cleaning solution by shearing them in a more efficiently way than when applied with a cotton swab but without the risks associated to it. Acting physically on the superficial tension forces eases moistening. In addition, the action of brush dispensing-tip allows reducing the angle of kinetic contact more efficiently than a cotton swab. Therefore, the value of the moistening rate increases. Furthermore, this type of tools with its various alternatives allows adjusting the nature of fibers, their softness and their positioning during the interventions. This aptitude allows the cleaning action to be more efficient. As a consequence, the contact between the liquid and the surface can be shortened. The duration of the operation is further reduced by the fact that cleaning solution and dirt are almost simultaneously sucked away. Of course, before proceeding, one must test the safety of the cleaning solutions, (pH and conductivity) before using them on painted surfaces (Fig. 8). 2ff7e9595c
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